The findings show that road capacity on this corridor is approaching its operational limit during peak periods, causing slower travel speeds, unstable traffic flow, and severe congestion. The results highlight growing pressure on urban infrastructure in rapidly developing metropolitan regions and provide evidence that transportation planning in Sidoarjo requires structural improvements rather than short-term traffic management alone.
Jalan A. Yani Gedangan plays a strategic role in connecting Sidoarjo, Surabaya, and surrounding economic zones within the Gerbangkertosusila metropolitan area. The corridor supports daily commuter movement, industrial logistics, commercial activity, and residential access.
The study emerges at a time when Sidoarjo continues to record one of the fastest increases in vehicle ownership in East Java. According to data cited in the research, the regency had more than 1.7 million registered motor vehicles by early 2025, placing increasing pressure on road infrastructure that has expanded more slowly than travel demand.
To understand the scale of the problem, the researchers conducted a field survey along a 1.2-kilometer section of Jalan A. Yani Gedangan between KM 2+100 and KM 3+300. Data collection took place over one week from March 10 to March 16, 2026.
The team measured:
- Traffic volume
- Vehicle speed
- Travel duration
- Road geometry and surrounding conditions
The analysis followed Indonesia’s Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2023), a national framework developed to evaluate traffic performance under Indonesian driving patterns and road characteristics.
The results revealed a traffic system operating close to saturation.
Average Daily Traffic reached 17,867 passenger car units per day (pcu/day), indicating consistently high demand throughout the corridor.
Motorcycles dominated traffic composition and accounted for approximately 65 percent of total vehicle flow, followed by passenger cars, light vehicles, trucks, and buses.
Researchers identified two daily congestion peaks:
- 07:00–08:00 WIB: approximately 2,150 pcu/hour
- 16:00–17:00 WIB: approximately 2,080 pcu/hour
These patterns reflect commuter movement between residential areas and economic centers.
Road capacity was calculated at only 2,344 pcu/hour, leaving little margin to absorb peak traffic demand.
The study measured the Degree of Saturation (DS), which compares traffic volume to road capacity.
Key results included:
- Morning peak DS: 0.917
- Afternoon peak DS: 0.887
Under PKJI 2023 standards, values above 0.85 indicate saturated and unstable operating conditions.
Traffic speed also dropped significantly.
During morning peak hours, average travel speed fell to 18 kilometers per hour, substantially below the recommended minimum of 30 kilometers per hour for this class of urban road.
This translated into poor service quality:
- Level of Service (LoS) F in the morning, representing severe congestion
- Level of Service (LoS) E in the afternoon, indicating unstable traffic flow
The researchers identified several factors contributing to the decline in road performance.
Side friction emerged as a major issue, including roadside parking, vehicles entering and exiting residential access points, freight loading activities, market operations, and unpredictable vehicle movements.
Road geometry also limits improvement options. The corridor operates as a two-lane, two-direction roadway with limited available land for expansion.
According to Nursaid and colleagues at Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, traffic volume has become the most influential variable in determining infrastructure performance because it directly affects saturation, travel speed, and service quality.
Their interpretation suggests that congestion should no longer be treated solely as a transportation inconvenience. Instead, it represents an infrastructure and economic challenge that affects mobility efficiency, commuter productivity, and regional competitiveness.
The researchers recommend a broader policy response that combines infrastructure improvement with demand management.
Suggested actions include:
- Reducing traffic concentration during peak hours
- Enforcing restrictions on illegal roadside parking
- Improving traffic control and roadside management
- Strengthening public transportation alternatives
- Increasing infrastructure capacity where feasible
The findings also support more data-driven transportation policies that continuously monitor traffic patterns and respond before congestion becomes irreversible.
For urban planners and local governments, the study provides measurable indicators that can guide infrastructure investment and mobility planning in fast-growing metropolitan areas.
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