Phytochemical Test of Several Organic Fermentation Solutions

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Pekalongan— Psychological Pressure and Social Stigma Drive Risky Sexual Behavior Among MSM Living with HIV in Pemalang. Research conducted by Azah Istikharoh, Ardiana Priharwanti, and Jaya Maulana from the University of Pekalongan. This article was published in the International Journal of Integrated Science and Technology (IJIST) Vol. 4, No. 2, February 2026.

The research by Azah Istikharoh, Ardiana Priharwanti, and Jaya Maulana highlights how psychological stress, social stigma, and limited structural support shape behavioral patterns that are difficult to change, even despite adequate knowledge about HIV.

HIV and Hidden Social Pressures Behind the Statistics

At the national level, MSM remain one of the populations most vulnerable to HIV transmission. Data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health indicate that most new HIV cases occur among young and productive-age men. In Pemalang alone, more than 740 cumulative HIV cases were recorded by 2025, with at least 10 cases identified among MSM in Petarukan.

However, statistics alone cannot explain why transmission continues. Behind these numbers are stories of family rejection, fear of discrimination, limited access to safe social spaces, and economic hardship. These pressures often push individuals into secretive and risky sexual lifestyles.

The researchers found that many MSM live “in hiding,” unable to be open with family members, neighbors, or even healthcare providers. Fear of social exclusion restricts their access to counseling, education, and emotional support, making behavior change more difficult.

Key Findings: Eight Interconnected Factors

The study shows that risky sexual behavior among MSM living with HIV does not occur randomly. It develops through the interaction of eight main factors:

Self-Awareness and HIV Status
Most participants only took HIV tests after being advised by healthcare workers. Many did not consider themselves at risk. After diagnosis, they experienced shock, fear, and anxiety about social judgment.
Sexual History and Relationship Patterns
Same-sex attraction generally emerged during adolescence. Most participants reported non-exclusive relationships and frequent partner changes.
Inconsistent Condom Use
Although participants understood the importance of condoms, many used them irregularly, especially with familiar partners.
Commercial Sex and Substance Use
Economic pressure led some informants to engage in paid sex. Alcohol and drug use also weakened self-control during sexual encounters.
Psychological Factors
Past trauma, family rejection, guilt, and the desire for acceptance were major drivers of risky behavior.
Sexual Environment and Safe Spaces
Due to limited safe spaces in society, MSM sought private or closed environments that tended to normalize unsafe practices.
Stigma and Discrimination
Participants faced double stigma—as MSM and as people living with HIV—making them reluctant to seek support and healthcare services.
Gap Between Knowledge and Self-Control
Knowledge about HIV did not always translate into safe behavior. Emotional stress often weakened self-discipline.

One informant explained that sexual relationships were often used as a way to feel valued and accepted, even when risks were clearly understood. Healthcare workers confirmed that many patients know the dangers but struggle to abandon long-established habits.

Why These Findings Matter

The study emphasizes that HIV prevention cannot rely solely on condom distribution or health campaigns. The problem is deeply rooted in social and psychological conditions.

Several important implications emerge:

For healthcare providers:
Services must be inclusive, confidential, and free from discrimination to encourage MSM to seek help.
For policymakers:
HIV programs should integrate medical, psychological, social, and economic interventions.
For society:
Reducing stigma is essential. Family and community support can significantly lower risky behavior.
For educators and NGOs:
Sexual health education should be adapted to the realities of sexual minorities and combined with emotional support.

Azah Istikharoh and her team emphasize that sustainable behavior change requires long-term support. Education alone is not enough without safe spaces, counseling, and social acceptance.

Author Profiles

Azah Istikharoh, S.KM., M.Kes._Universitas Pekalongan.
Ardiana Priharwanti, S.KM., M.Kes._Universitas Pekalongan.
Jaya Maulana, S.KM._Universitas Pekalongan.

Research Source

Istikharoh, A., Priharwanti, A., & Maulana, J. (2026). Phytochemical Test of Several Organic Fermentation Solutions. International Journal of Integrated Science and Technology, Vol. 4 No. 2, Februari 2026, hlm. 68–81.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59890/ijist.v4i2.270

URL: https://ntlmultitechpublisher.my.id/index.php/ijist