Ilustration by AI
A new study conducted by researchers Haniyyah Hidayatur Rohmah and Mohamad Arief Rafsanjani from Universitas Negeri Surabaya reveals that digital literacy skills and a supportive classroom climate significantly improve high school students' learning outcomes in Economics
Background: Addressing the Academic Achievement Gap
Fostering high-quality human resources remains a primary goal for national progress, yet educational benchmarks frequently expose areas in need of critical improvement. The 2022 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) results highlights that Indonesian students' learning achievements continue to hover below the international average
This macro-level educational challenge mirrors local classroom dynamics. At SMA Negeri 10 Surabaya, school observations indicated that more than half of the student body struggled to meet the official Learning Achievement Criteria (KKTP) in Economics
Understanding these variables is essential in a digitized post-pandemic landscape, where technology alone does not guarantee academic performance unless paired with healthy physical and social learning environments.
Methodology: A Social Cognitive Analysis
To evaluate these dynamics, the researchers designed a quantitative, explanatory study rooted in Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
The research was carried out during the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year at SMA Negeri 10 Surabaya, focusing on 11th-grade students
Primary data regarding digital literacy skills, classroom climate perceptions, and psychological beliefs were collected via structural questionnaires using standard Likert scales
Key Findings: The Power of Self-Efficacy
The statistical analysis verified that all proposed hypotheses were valid, showing high significance across the variables
- Direct Academic Boost: Digital literacy skills and a positive classroom climate exert a direct, positive, and significant effect on student learning outcomes
. - Building Confidence: Both digital literacy and classroom climate possess a large effect size in shaping students' self-efficacy, meaning their internal belief in their own capability
. - Explaining the Variance: The structural model shows that digital literacy and classroom climate explain 68.0% of the variation in students' self-efficacy
. Together, digital literacy, classroom climate, and self-efficacy explain 70.3% of the overall variation in student learning outcomes . - The Crucial Mediator: Self-efficacy acts as a vital psychological mechanism that successfully mediates the relationship between the inputs (literacy and environment) and the outputs (grades)
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Observations during the study clarified these numbers. Students who master digital devices to independently access references show higher focus and confidence
Real-World Implications and Impact
These insights offer actionable pathways for modernizing educational policy and teaching practices. For schools, the results show that simply distributing devices is insufficient; institutions must actively fund infrastructure like stable internet networks, reliable computer laboratories, and functional Learning Management Systems (LMS) while maintaining comfortable physical rooms
For teachers, the study highlights the importance of transitioning away from rigid lecturing toward interactive methods that encourage equal participation
Industries developing educational technology can also apply these findings by designing tools that build confidence through structured, mastery-based learning steps rather than complex information delivery alone.
Academic Perspective
"Improving students' learning outcomes is not enough by just providing technology or creating a conducive learning environment; it also needs efforts to build students' confidence in their own abilities," stated researchers Haniyyah Hidayatur Rohmah and Mohamad Arief Rafsanjani in their analysis of the data at Universitas Negeri Surabaya
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Their interpretation emphasizes that technology and surroundings act as catalysts, but the student's psychological self-belief remains the core driver of academic success
Author Profiles
- Haniyyah Hidayatur Rohmah is a researcher affiliated with the Universitas Negeri Surabaya
. Her work focuses on student development, educational psychology, and the integration of digital tools in secondary education systems . - Mohamad Arief Rafsanjani is an academic and researcher at Universitas Negeri Surabaya
. He specializes in Economics education, quantitative research methodologies, and the application of social cognitive theories to modern learning environments .
Source Information
Article Title: The Influence of Digital Literacy and Classroom Climate on Learning Outcomes Through Self-Efficacy as a Mediating Variable
Journal Name: Indonesian Journal of Society Development (IJSD)
Publication Year: 2026
DOI :
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