The research, published in Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (2026), highlights how Papua has become a key testing ground for Indonesia’s evolving defense doctrine in the era of asymmetric warfare—where conflicts are shaped not only by weapons, but also by information, legitimacy, and public perception.
Papua’s Security Challenge in the Modern Era
Unlike traditional armed conflicts, the situation in Papua is characterized by non-linear confrontation. Armed groups do not rely solely on direct attacks but operate through social influence, political narratives, and international attention. Geographic isolation, local grievances, and global information flows make the conflict more complex than conventional warfare.
The study explains that this type of conflict reflects modern asymmetric warfare, where the stronger military force does not automatically gain the upper hand. Instead, success depends on how effectively the state manages public trust, intelligence, and legitimacy—both domestically and internationally.
Papua’s strategic importance and sensitivity have pushed Indonesia to rethink how security operations should be conducted in a democratic and globally connected era.
From Force-Oriented Operations to Adaptive Strategy
The research outlines a major shift in the TNI’s operational mindset. In the past, security efforts in Papua were largely centered on military deployment and territorial control. While effective in maintaining order, this approach proved insufficient to address the deeper social and political dimensions of the conflict.
Over time, the TNI began to adopt a more adaptive strategy that includes:
- Greater reliance on intelligence-led operations
- Increased coordination with civilian institutions
- Emphasis on community engagement and territorial development
- Stronger focus on strategic communication
- Reduced reliance on purely coercive measures
This evolution reflects a recognition that modern conflicts cannot be solved through force alone. Instead, they require an understanding of local dynamics, public sentiment, and long-term stability.
Intelligence as the Backbone of Modern Security
One of the most important findings of the study is the growing role of intelligence in counterinsurgency operations. Intelligence is no longer limited to identifying armed threats; it now functions as a tool for understanding social networks, detecting early signs of unrest, and anticipating political consequences.
The authors emphasize that information warfare has become a central battlefield. Narratives related to human rights, identity, and governance can influence international opinion and shape domestic legitimacy. As a result, intelligence must be integrated with communication strategies and policy decisions.
This shift reflects a broader transformation within the TNI toward what experts describe as “intelligence-driven security management.”
Legitimacy as a Strategic Asset
A key conclusion of the study is that legitimacy has become one of the most decisive factors in modern conflict management. Military success alone does not guarantee stability if public trust is eroded.
According to the authors, maintaining legitimacy requires:
- Respect for legal and humanitarian standards
- Transparent communication with the public
- Coordination between military and civilian authorities
- Policies that address social and economic concerns
In Papua, where perceptions play a critical role, the ability of the state to act responsibly and consistently is just as important as operational effectiveness.
Implications for Indonesia’s National Defense Policy
The findings carry important implications for Indonesia’s broader security strategy. The Papua case illustrates how modern defense policy must go beyond traditional military frameworks.
The study highlights several strategic lessons:
Security challenges are increasingly multidimensional
Military, political, and social instruments must work together
Intelligence and communication are central to conflict management
Sustainable security depends on public trust
These insights reinforce Indonesia’s current defense doctrine, which emphasizes comprehensive national resilience rather than narrow military dominance.
Expert Perspective
The authors underline that the transformation of TNI’s strategy reflects institutional learning rather than short-term adjustment. They argue that modern counterinsurgency success depends on adaptability and legitimacy.
As noted in the study, effective security management in Papua requires an integrated approach that balances operational capability with social responsibility and strategic communication.
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